Modeling topography¶
Computing slope and aspect¶
Topographic slope and aspect map can be created by r.slope.aspect.
![../_images/slope-contours-3d.png](../_images/slope-contours-3d.png)
Fig. 39 Topographic slope map visualized in 3D with clipped contours.
Such map can be classified using r.recode into defined classes. Example:
0:2:1
2:5:2
5:8:3
8:15:4
15:30:5
30:*:6
Note
Categories can be labeled by r.category, result is shown on the figure bellow.
1:0-2 deg
2:2-5
3:5-8
4:8-15
5:15-30
6:30-*
![../_images/slope-reclass.png](../_images/slope-reclass.png)
Fig. 40 Reclassified slope map with legend.
Curvatures¶
Concavity/convexity of terrain can be explored with curvatures computed by r.param.scale. Example:
# profile curvature
r.param.scale input=dem37 output=profc37 method=profc size=11
# tangential curvature
r.param.scale input=dem37 output=crosc37 method=tangc size=11
Landform identification¶
Landforms (ridge, valley, …) can be obtained from curvatures
computed by r.param.scale (method=feature
). The
modern method based multiscale line-of-sight approach is implemented
by r.geomorphon addon.
Note
Addons are not part of GRASS distribution and can be installed from menu g.extension command.
, or byExample:
r.geomorphon elevation=dem37 forms=landforms37 search=16 skip=6
![../_images/landsform-3d.png](../_images/landsform-3d.png)
Fig. 41 Landsform visualization in 3D.
Solar radiation and shades¶
Based on slope and aspect maps can be computed solar irradiation (daily radiation sum in Wh/m2.day) for a given day using r.sun:
# day=1 -> 1.1.
r.sun elevation=dem37 slope=slope37 aspect=aspect37 beam_rad=beam37 step=1 day=1
r.colors -e map=beam37 color=grey
Note for advanced users
Computation can be very slow. Check for paralelization efforts.
Than we can also compute solar irradiance (W/m2) for a given day and hour (in local solar time) and extract the shades cast by topography:
r.sun elevation=dem37 slope=slope37 aspect=aspect37 beam_rad=beam37_8 day=1 time=12
r.colors -e map=beam37_12 color=grey
![../_images/beam37_12.png](../_images/beam37_12.png)
Fig. 42 Solar irradiance (W/m2) 1.1. 12 a.m.
Visibility analysis¶
Visibility analysis can be perform in GRASS by r.viewshed, see example on the figure below.
![../_images/viewshed.png](../_images/viewshed.png)
Fig. 43 Visibility analysis perform in GRASS GUI.
Cost surface and least cost path¶
In this example we perform least cost path analysis with slope as cost. Example:
r.cost -k input=slope37 output=cost37 outdir=outdir37 start_coordinates=533072,5626854
r.colors map=cost37 color=gyr
r.drain -d input=cost37 output=drain37 direction=outdir37 drain=drain37 start_coordinates=532046,5626889
![../_images/cost-path.png](../_images/cost-path.png)
Fig. 44 Least cost path example.